Friday, November 30, 2012

Turn your tablet into a big-boy computer with Sanwa's tablet-storing ...

Sanwa?s latest display stand, dubbed the ?100-MR066? features a convenient sliding draw which, when exposed, allows you to place a tablet at a comfortable typing angle.

While typing on a touch screen is far from ideal, users who wish to free themselves from the convenience of a full-sized Qwerty keyboard can go ahead and use a tablet as their input device, as well as their computing device.

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Turn your tablet into a big-boy computer with Sanwa's tablet-storing display stand

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Of course, this isn?t the only option, and by sliding the draw (which actually has enough space to store two tablets simultaneously!) back into the stand it is possible to have all the convenience of a mobile computing device, coupled with the functionality of a fully fledged desktop computer, as it frees up desk space allowing you to use an external keyboard and mouse.

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The underbelly of the tablet-storing stand is left open, and this allows you to store your keyboard and mouse under the stand too when not in use. This form factor allows for super neat-freaks and Zen practitioners to relish in the comfort of an empty desk whenever you aren?t using your computer.

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Turn your tablet into a big-boy computer with Sanwa's tablet-storing display stand

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Design wise, this seemingly-innocuous stand is top-notch. The sliding drawer can be used in any number of ways, and in addition to the aforementioned ?tablet stand? configuration, pulling out the drawer just a tiny amount lets you stand a smartphone or tablet vertically too, giving you the full screen space of an external display coupled with the convenient touch-panel interface of a tablet.

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The stand also contains a space in the back to hold a power unit, allowing you to store charger cables inside the drawer too.

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Turn your tablet into a big-boy computer with Sanwa's tablet-storing display stand

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The stand has dimensions of 702x300x100mm, with internal drawer dimensions of 659x217x19mm. It can reportedly take a weight of 7kg on the top of the stand, and 1.5kg on the drawer.

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The 100-MR066 is available via mail order here for 5,480 Yen (US$66).

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Source: PC Watch

Source: http://vr-zone.com/articles/turn-your-tablet-into-a-big-boy-computer-with-sanwa-s-tablet-storing-display-stand/18130.html

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Boehner joins filibuster fight against Democrats

WASHINGTON (AP) ? House Speaker John Boehner joined fellow Republicans in the Senate on Thursday in their battle to stop Democrats controlling that chamber from curbing filibusters, threatening to ignore bills the Senate sends him if Democrats have abused GOP senators' rights to slow consideration of legislation.

The threat by Boehner, R-Ohio, represents an unusual escalation across the Capitol building of a bitter partisan fight that has been brewing in the Senate for weeks. It also underscores a Republican effort to retain as much power as they can next year, when Democrats will control the White House and Senate and Republicans will lead only the House.

Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., has said that on the first day of the new Congress in January, he may take the unusual step of using a simple majority vote to limit filibusters.

Usually it takes a two-thirds vote to change Senate rules. A simple majority would mean Democrats could change the filibuster rules without GOP support, and the threat has infuriated Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., and other Republicans. Democrats will control the new Senate 55-45, including one Democratic-leaning independent.

Boehner said that Reid's threat "is clearly designed to marginalize Senate Republicans and their constituents while greasing the skids for controversial, partisan measures."

He added, "Any bill that reaches a Republican-led House based on Senate Democrats' heavy-handed power play would be dead on arrival."

Though the rules change would not occur until next year, Boehner suggested that it might poison the atmosphere even sooner, "at a time when cooperation on Capitol Hill is critical."

President Barack Obama and congressional leaders of both parties are currently bargaining over deficit-cutting measures that would avoid the so-called fiscal cliff of big tax increases and deep spending cuts scheduled to begin in January unless lawmakers find a way to avert them.

Minority parties in the Senate use filibusters ? parliamentary delays ? to slow or kill legislation. They can only be ended by 60 votes ? a margin neither party can achieve without some cooperation from the other side.

Democrats say Republicans are abusing filibusters by resorting to them too frequently, and statistics show minority Republicans have increasingly used the tactic in recent years. Reid's plan would forbid the use of filibusters when a bill is initially being brought to the Senate floor for debate and require filibustering senators to actually be on the Senate floor, a long-abandoned practice.

"It is a shame to see Speaker Boehner join Sen. McConnell's desperate attempt to double down in the status quo of Republican-led gridlock in Washington," said Reid spokesman Adam Jentleson.

Republicans say they have used filibusters more because Reid blocks them from presenting amendments. Reid, in turn, says Republicans use too much time pushing amendments that make political statements or that are designed to derail bills.

The battle has prompted numerous sharp exchanges on the Senate floor in recent days between Reid and McConnell.

Neither side has ruled out negotiating a solution to the dispute.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/boehner-joins-filibuster-fight-against-democrats-035715231--politics.html

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Watch All the James Bonds In This Perfect Animated GIF

Some times GIFs are funny. Other times they are horrifying. And then, some have Hitler. But, in occasion, you find the absolutely perfect GIF. This, my friends, is one of those GIFs. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/Xfz_6Y7-hL0/watch-all-the-james-bonds-in-this-perfect-animated-gif

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Thursday, November 29, 2012

Obamacare Ruling Can't Defeat Felon in Possession Charge ...

A federal jury in Rhode Island convicted Arjusz Roszkowski of being a felon in possession of a firearm, and knowingly possessing a firearm with an altered serial number. Among his arguments on appeal, Roszkowski claimed the statutes of conviction were unconstitutional pursuant to the Supreme Court?s recent decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius.

Unsurprisingly, the First Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed with Roszkowski?s assertion that the Obamacare ruling held the key to his felon in possession appeal.

In what the appellate court described as "a quite different claim of error," Roszkowski argued that the felon firearm possession charges exceeded Congress' Commerce Clause authority, and are therefore unenforceable -- a claim which the court has "repeatedly and unreservedly rejected."

Despite that precedent, Roszkowski argued that, in light of the Supreme Court's recent decision in Sebelius, the First Circuit should revisit the issue.

In the Sebelius decision, Chief Justice John Roberts wrote that Congress lacked the requisite authority to enact the individual mandate under the Commerce Clause because the mandate compels individuals to become active in commerce by purchasing a product, instead of regulating existing commercial activity. (Of course, the Court ultimately upheld the mandate under the Taxing Power.)

Seizing on what he perceived to be a new constitutional foothold, Roszkowski asked the First Circuit to reconsider its stance on felons with firearms, citing Chief Justice Robert's Sebelius opinion for the proposition that the simple possession of a firearm does not constitute commercial activity, and therefore cannot be regulated by Congress pursuant to the Commerce Clause.

The First Circuit disagreed, finding -- in stark contrast to the individual mandate in Sebelius -- that the felon firearm possession statutes do not "compel individuals to become active in commerce;" rather, they prohibit affirmative conduct that has an undeniable connection to interstate commerce. The court reasoned that, even if Sebelius changed the Supreme Court's Commerce Clause jurisprudence, it did nothing to undermine the validity of the statutes under which Roszkowski was convicted.

Related Resources:

Source: http://blogs.findlaw.com/first_circuit/2012/11/obamacare-ruling-cant-defeat-felon-in-possession-charge.html

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French President Hollande?s Nationalization Threat to Mittal

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Source: http://www.forexfactory.com/news.php?do=news&id=397670

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Mount Greylock football reaches third straight D-III Super Bowl

Click photo to enlarge

Ethan Ryan and Mount Greylock ran over Greenfield.

ORANGE -- Belchertown football coach John Mayo and his Orioles will step out of the frying pan and into the fire in the Division III Super Bowl on Saturday.

Mount Greylock running back Ethan Ryan ran for 223 yards and five touchdowns in the first half, finishing up with a career-best in yards rushing (286) and touchdowns (six) as the second-seeded Mounties routed Greenfield 62-0 Tuesday night at Mahar Regional High School.

"We're going to be watching a lot of film" on Greylock, said Mayo. "They're like they have been for the last three years. They don't make mistakes. They're very quick, very fast and a great fundamental team. Their running back is as good as anybody. He's got to be the best running back we've seen all year."

Ryan had touchdown runs of 48, 42, 2, 25, 8 and 63 yards in the win. He was able to hit pretty much every hole his line opened for him. Daivon Clement also had big runs on the night, breaking a 45-yarder for a touchdown. Michael McCormack finished up the scoring with a 54-yard TD run in the fourth quarter.

While Ryan added to his already impressive yardage total -- he now has 1,839 this season -- the defense prevented Greenfield's 1,000-yard rusher and passer from getting anything going on the ground.

Zach Bartak ran for just 55 yards and added just another 79 through the air. The Mounties changed their defensive approach for this semifinal matchup and it seemed to work. Greylock switched to a 4-2-5 defensive scheme

and recorded three interceptions.

Source: http://www.berkshireeagle.com/localsports/ci_22078817/mount-greylock-football-reaches-third-straight-d-iii?source=rss

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Wednesday, November 28, 2012

NASA seeks concepts for innovative uses of large space telescopes

ScienceDaily (Nov. 28, 2012) ? NASA is exploring options for innovative and imaginative uses of two large space telescopes recently transferred to the agency. In a request for information (RFI) published Monday, NASA seeks information about system concepts and architectures that would take advantage of these assets to address NASA's goals in astrophysics, heliophysics, planetary sciences, and human spaceflight.

"Because there are two telescopes, there is room for projects that span the gamut of the imagination," said Michael Moore, a senior program executive at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "They range from simple balloon flights to complex missions in science using new technologies under development and the capabilities available with the International Space Station and our commercial space flight partners."

The telescopes are equivalent to NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in aperture, but designed to have a much wider field of view. They already are being studied for possible use as a wide field infrared survey observatory, which would address the top priority recommendation in the National Research Council's 2010 Astrophysics Decadal Survey. NASA is seeking alternative goals and unique approaches in order to expand the range of concepts for use of this capable hardware.

The RFI invites interested parties to provide an outline of their concept in enough detail for a next-step assessment by NASA as it prepares for future investments in diverse areas of science and technology. Respondents who submit the most interesting concepts will be invited to present their ideas at a workshop in Huntsville, Ala., in early February 2013.

"We will give all ideas equal consideration and choose the most promising for further study," said Marc Allen, acting deputy associate administrator for research in NASA's Science Mission Directorate. "We want to tap into innovative ideas wherever we can find them in order to optimize use of these telescope assets."

For more information about the RFI, NASA goals and objectives, details on the telescopes, and other supporting information, visit: http://science.nasa.gov/salso

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by NASA.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/space_time/astronomy/~3/d_xXm1Xrgac/121128070705.htm

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GOP senators more troubled after Rice meeting

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Three Republican senators said Tuesday they are more troubled than ever with comments made days after the deadly Sept. 11 raid in Libya by Susan Rice, the U.N. ambassador and President Barack Obama's possible choice for secretary of state.

Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Kelly Ayotte met privately with Rice and acting CIA Director Michael Morell for more than an hour on her much-maligned explanations of the attack on the U.S. diplomatic post in Benghazi, Libya, that killed the U.S. ambassador and three other Americans.

Rice told the lawmakers that the initial assessment of the cause of the attack five days later was wrong.

"The talking points provided by the intelligence community, and the initial assessment upon which they were based, were incorrect in a key respect: There was no protest or demonstration in Benghazi," Rice said in a statement after the meeting. "While we certainly wish that we had had perfect information just days after the terrorist attack, as is often the case the intelligence assessment has evolved."

She insisted that there was no intention to mislead the American people, and the administration updated Congress as the assessment evolved. The senators, though, were not mollified.

"We are significantly troubled by many of the answers that we got and some that we didn't get concerning evidence that was leading up to the attack on the consulate and the tragic death of four brave Americans and whether Ambassador Rice was prepared, or informed sufficiently, to give the American people the correct depiction of the events that took place," McCain told reporters.

Said Graham: "Bottom line I'm more disturbed now than I was before that 16 September explanation."

The three insisted that they need more information about the Libyan raid before they even consider Rice as a possible replacement for Clinton.

"I'm more troubled today," said Ayotte, who argued that it was clear in the days after the attack that it was terrorism and not a spontaneous demonstration prompted by an anti-Muslim video.

At the White House, spokesman Jay Carney said there were "no unanswered questions about Rice's appearance on the Sunday shows and the talking points that she used that were provided by the intelligence community. Those questions have been answered."

Carney called the focus on Rice's appearance on the Sunday shows an "obsession."

Despite lingering questions over her public comments after the Benghazi attack, Rice has emerged as the front-runner on a short list of candidates to succeed Clinton, with Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass., seen as her closest alternative.

The strong statements from the three senators clouded Rice's prospects only two days after Republican opposition seem to be softening. Rice planned meetings on Wednesday with Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee, who is in line to become the top Republican on the Foreign Relations Committee, and Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine.

Corker said Tuesday that he had concerns with a possible nomination.

"When I hear Susan talk she seems to me like she'd be a great chairman of the Democratic National Committee," Corker said. "There is nobody who is more staff supportive of what the administration does. That concerns me in a secretary of state."

Rice's series of meetings on Capitol Hill will be a critical test both for Republicans, who will decide whether they can support her, and the administration, which must gauge whether Rice has enough support to merit a nomination.

A senior Senate aide said the administration was sounding out moderate members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, such as Corker and Sen. Johnny Isakson, R-Ga. Assessing the prospects for Rice before Obama makes any announcement would avoid the embarrassment of a protracted fight with the Senate early in the president's second term and the possible failure of the nominee.

On talk shows the weekend following the attack, which took place on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, Rice was given talking points that described the attack as a spontaneous protest of the film, even though the Obama administration had known for days that it was a militant assault.

Republicans called her nomination doomed, leading to a vigorous defense of her by Obama in his first postelection news conference. Since then, GOP lawmakers have appeared to soften their views. McCain, who said earlier this month that would he do everything in his power to scuttle a Rice nomination, said Sunday that he was willing to hear Rice out before making a decision.

Sen. Jim Inhofe, R-Okla., a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, had issued a statement highly critical of Rice on the day of Obama's news conference. He indicated Monday that perhaps she didn't know what had transpired in Benghazi on the day of the attack.

"I assumed she had full knowledge of everything that went on. I'm not at all convinced of that now. She very well could have been thrown under the bus," Inhofe said in an interview. He said she hadn't requested a meeting but he would be glad to meet with her.

White House spokesman Jay Carney said Monday that the administration appreciated McCain's latest comments about Rice, but wouldn't say whether the president saw them as an opening to make the nomination. "Ambassador Rice has done an excellent job at the United Nations and is highly qualified for any number of positions," Carney said.

Several diplomats currently serving with Rice said that what she lacked in Clinton's star power, she could make up with a blunter approach that demands attention and has marked her tenure thus far at the United Nations.

Rice, who at 48 is relatively young, has been known to covet the job for years, but was passed over for Clinton in 2009.

___

Associated Press writers Matthew Lee in Washington and Edith M. Lederer in New York contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/gop-senators-more-troubled-rice-meeting-161644665--politics.html

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92% Skyfall

All Critics (276) | Top Critics (45) | Fresh (253) | Rotten (23)

'Quantum of Solace,' was a dour, dire letdown. This picture's a substantial bounce back, and easily the best Craig Bond picture. Emotional depth and all.

Sam Mendes' 'Skyfall': sleek, slithery, sensual

The cool accomplishment of Skyfall, 23rd in the Broccoli franchise, is that it seems a necessary, rather than mandatory, addition to the year's popular culture.

Among the most ambitious imaginings of Bond to date: dark, supple, and punctuated with moments of unanticipated visual brilliance.

Mendes' approach to action is classical and elegant - no manic editing and blurry unintelligible images here - but what makes the movie special is the attention he pays his actors.

"Skyfall" is a different kind of Bond movie, one that works just fine on its own terms, but a steady diet of this might kill the franchise. One "Skyfall" is enough.

Sentimental touches underscore the fun and frivolity of Bond's past while relishing the brutal landscape of the modern day super-spy.

This makes the list of truly great 007 films alongside the list of Goldfinger, Thunderball, Live And Let Die, Licence To Kill, Goldeneye and Casino Royale.

Worlds collide in this near-brilliant, meticulously refined 21st-century redefinition of James Bond.

Sam Mendes has done a magnificent job, creating both a relevant and timeless entry into the Bond canon, while deftly adding homages to the series' past.

...tough and grim but still spry ... feels like something of a rearguard action in the case of the British Empire.

Sometimes the old ways are the best. This is a theme and repeated line running throughout the new James Bond film Skyfall and never has it been more true.

Skyfall does what all of the best franchise entries do: it makes you want to see the next one immediately. Consider me (physically) shaken and (emotionally) stirred.

Not the best Bond movie ever but a very good one; a little darker but still unsettled as to what type overall it wants to be.

Too often this martini is sloppy, not smooth.

This is one of the 50-year-old series' most exciting and commandingly compelling entries. Yes, James Bond is back to being James Bond.

Seen against the ineffectual backdrop of 2008's Quantum of Solace, this is a return to form but it doesn't exceed Craig's impressive debut as Bond in 2006's Casino Royale.

Skyfall is not, of course, ''darker'' or more serious than previous Bond films, but it's more knowing about its own conventions.

Breathes fresh life into the genre.

A lot of critics are claiming this to be the best Bond film ever made; they may well be right-to some degree. It's certainly the most poignant-which, in what is ostensibly an action film, is a feather in Mendes' cap to be sure.

James Bond's 23rd official feature film gives the iconic secret agent something to stew over: an existential crisis.

Suffers from unconvincing plotting, and a third act so bad it brings the roof of the whole endeavour caving in

Even die-hard Sean Connery fans will have to admit there's another actor who can portray James Bond when they see 'Skyfall.'

Mendes does a superb job maintaining tension - and releasing it from time to time so we can take a breath, have a laugh, sit back from the edge of our seat - as he shows how seriously the James Bond character can be taken, without breaking it

Establishing a sense of urgency from the outset, the 23rd Bond film hits its tall target with a bonus back-story, character establishment and strong storyline to balance the action. As a consequence, we are offered a film that is uniquely Bond

Source: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/skyfall/

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Tuesday, November 27, 2012

How to Protect Yourself Against Online Identity Theft | Personal ...


Shopping online has many perks, including not having to wait in line and great deals, but is has one major?downside:?identity theft. Many Californians choose to shop online these days. Some estimates say that 75% of Internet users are online shoppers, with many of them shopping on their iPads and tablets. If you are one the the thousands of Los Angelenos using the world wide web to find steals and deals, make so you are online shopping wisely.

When you buy something online, you are required to enter in financial information. This information can easily be compromised or stolen by identity thieves and hackers if you are not careful, and sometimes even when you are careful. If you or a loved one has been a victim of online identity theft, know that California law and a team of experienced identity theft lawyers in Los Angeles are on your side. Identity theft can be considered fraud ? and Los Angeles fraud victims have rights, including financial compensation.

Before you do any online shopping, here are a few tips to consider to avoid identity theft online:

1. Anti-virus protection. Make sure your computer has up-to-date and functioning anti-virus protection software installed. ?Antivirus software?is?software?used to prevent, detect and remove?malware, such as:?computer viruses,?adware,?backdoors,?spyware,?trojan horses?and?worms. Hackers and online identity thieves frequently steal your identity and financial information through viruses, etc? and antivirus software can help prevent this from happening.

2. Mind your finances. Make sure you are regularly checking your online and paper credit card and bank statements. If you see a charge for a purchase you did not make, it is possible your online safety and been compromised. Immediately contact your bank. If they are unwilling to help you, reach out to a skilled identity theft lawyer in Los Angeles.

3. Use strong and unique passwords.?While your birthdate might be easy to remember, it is also easy for an online hacker to figure out. Take the time to create a unique password for each website that requires you to create an online account prior to making a purchase. Smart password suggestions include using a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols, and uppercase and lowercase characters. Worried you won?t remember each password? Write them down on paper and leave it in a safe place.

4. Only use secure Wi-Fi networks.?Free Wi-Fi spots are great, but they aren?t secure and often have more people trying to hack into them to steal others identities. Not only could that business be tracking your online moves (for advertising and other purposes), but hackers could be too. Unfortunately, hackers are probably looking to steal critical financial and identity-related information from you. If you want to shop online and need to enter your credit card number, do it on a password protected Wi-Fi network that you trust; such as your home wireless network.

5. Buy from online merchants you trust.?Sometimes a good deal is too good to be true. Make sure you are buying from a reputable merchant or site that you trust. Scammers take advantage of online shoppers who use search engines to find deals. When you are directed to a site, take some time to check it out and when you get to the page that asks you to enter credit card info, make sure the page (and your financial info) is secured with an ?https? web address.

Of course, despite your best efforts, it?s possible for your computer or online accounts to get hacked. Again, California law is on your side when it comes to identity theft. Some online identity thieves focus on Los Angeles because of the wealth and prestige associated with the city. If your identity is stolen you could face years of financial stress and debt, resulting in poor credit ratings and financial struggle. If you or a loved one has been the victim of identity theft in Los Angeles, contact an aggressive identity theft lawyer who will fight for your legal rights, credit score, and financial freedom.

If you or a loved one has been the victim of fraud, such as identity theft, in Los Angeles contact an experienced?Los Angeles fraud lawyer?today. You might be able to recover money for your injuries. The law is on your side and so are the experienced identity theft lawyers at The Trial Law Offices of Bradley I. Kramer, MD, Esq.

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Categories: Blog, Fraud

User1

Disclaimer: The information contained in this Weblog (Blog) is provided for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice on any subject matter. No recipients of content from this site, clients or otherwise, should act or refrain from acting on the basis of any content included in the site without seeking the appropriate legal or other professional advice on the particular facts and circumstances at issue from an attorney licensed in the recipient's state. The content of this Weblog (Blog) contains general information and may not reflect current legal developments, verdicts or settlements. The Trial Law Offices Of Bradley I. Kramer expressly disclaim all liability in respect to actions taken or not taken based on any or all the contents of this Weblog (Blog).

Source: http://www.biklaw.com/how-to-protect-yourself-against-online-identity-theft/

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Online Forex Trader ? Best Online Forex currency trading System ...

If you are appearing to start some on the web industry and want to make particularlly fortune out of it after that interweb allows you multi options. One of the highest quality possibility is currency trading. Foreign exchange trading is one of the fastest increasing areas and it can end up being automated by software programs this as Forex Trading Software. Now that leads to to a question that ?what is the best online forex software?? let me demonstrate now. First starting using what is currency? It really is nothing but to trade the currencies of different currencies. Currency trading is always dealt in pairs. For example USD/EUR. As the value of cash changes you can make massive profits in the market. You can find $3 trillion worth of purchases for a day and also this continues for 5 nights a week. So it is right for you to invest in online trading system. Automating your trades does not imply you are slave to computer. Using a forex method for trading is good opportunity to make large profits online.

Right after looking many forex currency trading systems the best the first is ?FAP Turbo?
It is such an programmed software such that you can easily set it and leave that. The rest of the things will be taken care of by it. It could operate according to your current setup. In business Fear and hpye are two principal aspects where folks lost their money. Meaning emotions play a lot in currency trading. Using forex system, you can keep away your emotions.

Getting the best online trading system robot also entails risk.
Never place your money in trading which cannot afford to free. You can reduce your chance by choosing a best online trading software.
Concluding is this: Currency market is really a full time income on-line. By choosing greatest tools such as ?FAP Turbo? currency trading system software, you can earn huge profits. Even you will be able to double your money every single month. The most effective online forex trading program works for full day without any break. It has no fear that it?s going to lose money.

For more information about Fap Turbo please visit the website.

Source: http://voooz.com/2012/11/27/online-forex-trader-best-online-forex-currency-trading-system-ever-within-the-forex-market/

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Soul Train Awards 2012 winners list and air dates

12:44 PM EST 11/26/2012 by Yvette Caslin

Soul Train Awards 2012, held at Planet Hollywood Live in Las Vegas, was simulcast on BET and Centric on November 25 at 8p.m. ET/PT.? The audience was treated to the best in music entertainment.? Host Cedric the Entertainer, kept everyone laughing while stellar performances from artists including: Stevie Wonder, Charlie Wilson, New Edition, Ne-Yo, and 2 Chainz, encouraged people of all ages to dance and sing along to their memorable and popular songs.

Celebrities from music, film, sports and television such as Jamie Foxx, Stevie Wonder, Eddie Levert, Billy Crystal, Earvin ?Magic? Johnson, Melanie Fiona, Jody Watley, Doug E. Fresh, Tony Rock, Luke James, Estelle, Donny and Marie Osmond, Vampire Diaries star Kat Graham, and Tamar Braxton, joined Soul Train in celebrating some of the best musical contributions of 2012.? This year?s show honored New Edition with the Lifetime Achievement Award and paid tribute to late Soul Train founder, Don Cornelius.

The contributions Don Cornelius made to music changed the landscape of the industry. As a tribute, the Awards show featured video vignettes from old broadcasts, as well as moving words from his son, Tony Cornelius, and Soul Train standout, Jody Watley, who attributes much of her success to Cornelius and Soul Train.

New Edition, whose career has spanned 30 years, were honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award and followed their moving acceptance speech with a performance of their hits: ?Candy Girl,? ?Telephone Man,? and ?If It Isn?t Love.? Their performance reminded the audience why they fell in love with New Edition from the very beginning.

An always soul stirring performance by the ?8th Wonder of the World,? Stevie Wonder, turned into a massive celebration of President-Elect Barack Obama when his hit ?Superstition? was followed by a performance of??Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I?m Yours,? which was accompanied by projected photos of The President.

The competition was really tough this year with amazing artists and talent.?The 2012 Soul Train Awards Winners are:

Best New Artist: Elle Varner ??
Centric Award: Leah Labelle??
Best Gospel/ Inspirational Performance: Whitney Houston and Jordin Sparks? ?Celebrate?
Best Hip Hop Song of the Year:?Kanye West feat. Big Sean, Pusha T and 2 Chainz ?Mercy?
Best R&B/ Soul Female Artist: Beyonc?
Best R&B/ Soul Male Artist: Miguel
Album of the Year: Frank Ocean?s?Channel Orange
Song of the Year: Tyrese?s??Stay???
The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter?s Award: ?Tonight (Best You Ever Had)?: John Legend feat. Ludacris??
Best Dance Performance: Beyonc?: ?Love On Top??
CENTRICTV.com: Best Caribbean Performance: Sean Paul?s ?Tomahawk Technique???
CENTRICTV.com: Best International Performance: ?Estelle?s ?Thank You???
CENTRICTV.com: Best Independent R&B/ Soul Artist or Group: Eric Roberson??
CENTRICTV.com: Best Traditional Jazz Artist/ Group: TIE
*The Robert Glasper Experiment ??Black Radio
*Tony Bennett ? Isn?t It Romantic
CENTRICTV.com: Best Contemporary Jazz Artist/ Group: ?Esperanza Spalding-Radio Music Society?

The Soul Train Awards?is a presentation of Centric Network. Executive Producers of the telecast are: Paxton Baker, Tami Willis-Arasli, Derek Lewis, CENTRIC; Bart Phillips, Sunseeker Media; and Soul Train Holdings? Kenard Gibbs, along with Cedric Kyles; Eric Rhone; Doug E. Fresh; and Damien Smith. The?Soul Train Awards?is directed by Tony McCuin and produced in cooperation with the City of Las Vegas and Clark County Nevada.

Encore presentations of Soul Train Awards 2012 will air:

  • Tuesday, November 27, 2012 at 7:30pm ET/PT on BET
  • Saturday, December 1, 2012 at 9pm ET/PT on BET
  • Thursday, December 6, 2012 at 9pm ET/PT on BET
  • Saturday, December 8, 2012 at 5:30pm ET/PT on Centric
  • Friday, December 14, 2012 at 8pm ET/PT on Centric

For more information, go to www.BET.com/SoulTrain and Tweet on Twitter using: #SoulTrainAwards.

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Source: http://rollingout.com/entertainment/soul-train-awards-2012-winners-list-and-air-dates/

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Interpol Conducts 'War' on Poaching in Africa (Voice Of America)

Share With Friends: Share on FacebookTweet ThisPost to Google-BuzzSend on GmailPost to Linked-InSubscribe to This Feed | Rss To Twitter | Politics - Top Stories Stories, RSS and RSS Feed via Feedzilla.

Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/266510224?client_source=feed&format=rss

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Monday, November 26, 2012

The Death Of The Banner Ad - Business Insider

Banner ads, those benighted rectangles and boxes, have been the primary way publishers make money online since a digital offshoot of Wired magazine ran the first one 18 years ago.

But the industry is ripe for disruption, and many feel it won't be long before banners are replaced by a better, more attractive advertising solution.

One industry source went so far as to say that we'd one day look back on 2012 and deem it the "defining year in the death of the banner ad."

"The traditional standard media model is challenging," this person said. "There's a lot of pressing need for innovation around the approaches people are taking [to make money online]. I see a lot of people refusing to acknowledge the trend lines here.... 2012 is really the defining year in the death of the banner ad. Other people are refusing to believe it because then they don't have another clear revenue path."

John Battelle, an advertising visionary and the founder of Federated Media, who was present for the invention of the banner ad at Wired, agrees. He told us recently that, as an industry, "we messed up when we decided banner ads would be how we make money on the Web."

"We shoved them up in the corners and tried to ignore them, and advertisers have had to scream from the sidelines," he says. "There's a way to make web advertising a better experience, like an ad in between every pageview that you can simply flick away if you don't want to see it. I'm a big fan of full-page ads, especially on tablets."

"I see a lot of people refusing to acknowledge the trend lines here and are clinging stubbornly to direct sales model," says an industry source. "2012 is really the defining year in death of the banner ad. Other people are refusing to believe it because then they don't have a clear revenue path."

Banner ads achieved mass scale because they're easy to implement on Web pages. Increasingly, their placement is standardized and automated by computers, though big banner-ad deals are still negotiated the old-fashioned way, human to human.

They're also supported by the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB), a trade organization whose standards apply to 80 percent of banner ads sold. Battelle, who is on the IAB's board, says he's trying to push the group to rethink Web advertising and come up with a widely implemented solution that makes advertisers look and feel more welcome on Web pages.

The transformation away from banner ads will take a long time. Battelle thinks it could take ten years before the online advertising industry is thoroughly disrupted. In the meantime, more and more companies are steadily working at more engaging banner-ad alternatives.

Foursquare, for example, offers businesses a way to deliver updates to users who use its mobile app to check in to their locations. Facebook and Tumblr offer ad formats that promote specific posts to more users. BuzzFeed tries to create viral stories that feature advertisers. And Twitter's promoted tweets are working well, particularly on mobile devices.

These are so-called native ads that play off user behavior and enhance the experience rather than interrupt it.

Arguably, banner ads tried to do something like that 18 years ago, when every Web page felt fresh and new and the notion of multimedia-rich pages mixing graphics and text were novel.

But the Web has moved on since then. It's time banners did, too.

Source: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-death-of-the-banner-ad-2012-11

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Study advances use of stem cells in personalized medicine

Study advances use of stem cells in personalized medicine [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 26-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Shawna Williams
shawna@jhmi.edu
410-955-8236
Johns Hopkins Medicine

Johns Hopkins researchers report concrete steps in the use of human stem cells to test how diseased cells respond to drugs. Their success highlights a pathway toward faster, cheaper drug development for some genetic illnesses, as well as the ability to pre-test a therapy's safety and effectiveness on cultured clones of a patient's own cells.

The project, described in an article published November 25 on the website of the journal Nature Biotechnology, began several years ago, when Gabsang Lee, D.V.M., Ph.D., an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine's Institute for Cell Engineering, was a postdoctoral fellow at Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York. To see if induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be used to make specialized disease cells for quick and easy drug testing, Lee and his colleagues extracted cells from the skin of a person with a rare genetic disease called Riley-Day syndrome, chosen because it affects only one type of nerve cell that is difficult if not impossible to extract directly from a traditional biopsy. These traits made Riley-Day an ideal candidate for alternative ways of generating cells for study.

In a so-called "proof of concept" experiment, the researchers biochemically reprogrammed the skin cells from the patient to form iPSCs, which can grow into any cell type in the body. The team then induced the iPSCs to grow into nerve cells. "Because we could study the nerve cells directly, we could for the first time see exactly what was going wrong in this disease," says Lee. Some symptoms of Riley-Day syndrome are insensitivity to pain, episodes of vomiting, poor coordination and seizures; only about half of affected patients reach age 30.

In the recent research at Johns Hopkins and Memorial Sloan-Kettering, Lee and his co-workers used these same lab-grown Riley-Day nerve cells to screen about 7,000 drugs for their effects on the diseased cells. With the aid of a robot programmed to analyze the effects, the researchers quickly identified eight compounds for further testing, of which one SKF-86466 ultimately showed promise for stopping or reversing the disease process at the cellular level.

Lee says a clinical trial with SKF-86466 might not be feasible because of the small number of Riley-Day patients worldwide, but suggests that a closely related version of the compound, one that has already been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for another use, could be employed for the patients after a few tests.

The implications of the experiment reach beyond Riley-Day syndrome, however. "There are many rare, 'orphan' genetic diseases that will never be addressed through the costly current model of drug development," Lee explains. "We've shown that there may be another way forward to treat these illnesses."

Another application of the new stem cell process could be treatments tailored not only to an illness, but also to an individual patient, Lee says. That is, iPSCs could be made for a patient, then used to create a laboratory culture of, for example, pancreatic cells, in the case of a patient with type 1 diabetes. The efficacy and safety of various drugs could then be tested on the cultured cells, and doctors could use the results to help determine the best treatment. "This approach could move much of the trial-and-error process of beginning a new treatment from the patient to the petri dish, and help people to get better faster," says Lee.

###

Other authors of the paper are Christina N. Ramirez, Ph.D., Nadja Zeltner, Ph.D., Becky Liu, Constantin Radu, M.S., Bhavneet Bhinder, Hakim Djaballah, Ph.D., and Lorenz Studer, Ph.D., of the Sloan-Kettering Institute; and Hyesoo Kim, Ph.D., Young Jun Kim, M.D., Ph.D., InYoung Choi, Ph.D., and Bipasha Mukherjee-Clavin of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

The work was supported by funds from New York State Stem Cell Science (NYSTEM), the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF), the state of Maryland (TEDCO, MSCRF), the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research, the Experimental Therapeutics Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the William Randolph Hearst Fund in Experimental Therapeutics, the L.S. Wells Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute (grant number 5 P30 CA008748-44).

On the Web:
Research summary for Gabsang Lee: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_cell_engineering/experts/gabsang_lee.html

Q & A with Gabsang Lee and Hyesoo Kim: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_cell_engineering/experts/meet_scientists/gabsang_lee.html


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Study advances use of stem cells in personalized medicine [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 26-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Shawna Williams
shawna@jhmi.edu
410-955-8236
Johns Hopkins Medicine

Johns Hopkins researchers report concrete steps in the use of human stem cells to test how diseased cells respond to drugs. Their success highlights a pathway toward faster, cheaper drug development for some genetic illnesses, as well as the ability to pre-test a therapy's safety and effectiveness on cultured clones of a patient's own cells.

The project, described in an article published November 25 on the website of the journal Nature Biotechnology, began several years ago, when Gabsang Lee, D.V.M., Ph.D., an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine's Institute for Cell Engineering, was a postdoctoral fellow at Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York. To see if induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be used to make specialized disease cells for quick and easy drug testing, Lee and his colleagues extracted cells from the skin of a person with a rare genetic disease called Riley-Day syndrome, chosen because it affects only one type of nerve cell that is difficult if not impossible to extract directly from a traditional biopsy. These traits made Riley-Day an ideal candidate for alternative ways of generating cells for study.

In a so-called "proof of concept" experiment, the researchers biochemically reprogrammed the skin cells from the patient to form iPSCs, which can grow into any cell type in the body. The team then induced the iPSCs to grow into nerve cells. "Because we could study the nerve cells directly, we could for the first time see exactly what was going wrong in this disease," says Lee. Some symptoms of Riley-Day syndrome are insensitivity to pain, episodes of vomiting, poor coordination and seizures; only about half of affected patients reach age 30.

In the recent research at Johns Hopkins and Memorial Sloan-Kettering, Lee and his co-workers used these same lab-grown Riley-Day nerve cells to screen about 7,000 drugs for their effects on the diseased cells. With the aid of a robot programmed to analyze the effects, the researchers quickly identified eight compounds for further testing, of which one SKF-86466 ultimately showed promise for stopping or reversing the disease process at the cellular level.

Lee says a clinical trial with SKF-86466 might not be feasible because of the small number of Riley-Day patients worldwide, but suggests that a closely related version of the compound, one that has already been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for another use, could be employed for the patients after a few tests.

The implications of the experiment reach beyond Riley-Day syndrome, however. "There are many rare, 'orphan' genetic diseases that will never be addressed through the costly current model of drug development," Lee explains. "We've shown that there may be another way forward to treat these illnesses."

Another application of the new stem cell process could be treatments tailored not only to an illness, but also to an individual patient, Lee says. That is, iPSCs could be made for a patient, then used to create a laboratory culture of, for example, pancreatic cells, in the case of a patient with type 1 diabetes. The efficacy and safety of various drugs could then be tested on the cultured cells, and doctors could use the results to help determine the best treatment. "This approach could move much of the trial-and-error process of beginning a new treatment from the patient to the petri dish, and help people to get better faster," says Lee.

###

Other authors of the paper are Christina N. Ramirez, Ph.D., Nadja Zeltner, Ph.D., Becky Liu, Constantin Radu, M.S., Bhavneet Bhinder, Hakim Djaballah, Ph.D., and Lorenz Studer, Ph.D., of the Sloan-Kettering Institute; and Hyesoo Kim, Ph.D., Young Jun Kim, M.D., Ph.D., InYoung Choi, Ph.D., and Bipasha Mukherjee-Clavin of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

The work was supported by funds from New York State Stem Cell Science (NYSTEM), the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF), the state of Maryland (TEDCO, MSCRF), the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research, the Experimental Therapeutics Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the William Randolph Hearst Fund in Experimental Therapeutics, the L.S. Wells Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute (grant number 5 P30 CA008748-44).

On the Web:
Research summary for Gabsang Lee: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_cell_engineering/experts/gabsang_lee.html

Q & A with Gabsang Lee and Hyesoo Kim: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_cell_engineering/experts/meet_scientists/gabsang_lee.html


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/jhm-sau112612.php

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There's Now a 3D Printer That Can Replace Human Cartilage

Somehow 3D printing has gotten even more amazing. Scientists over at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine have created a hybrid 3D printer that can create implantable human cartilage. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/iioap_Qztxo/theres-now-a-3d-printer-that-can-replace-human-cartilage

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Give the gift of premium Web services

6 hrs.

As you're trying to come up with great gifts for the holidays, software likely isn't the first thing that comes to mind. It can make a great gift for the right person, though, especially when they're not willing to shell out the cash themselves (as so few people are). Here are some of our favorite (and your favorite) premium Web services that not only boost productivity, but dish out a little holiday cheer too.

Note: Most of these are monthly subscriptions, so you can gift them however you like. Giving someone a few months or a year of a service is a great gift that you can tweak for your budget, and leave yourself room for the same gift next year if they really like it.

If a service doesn't offer a gift option, you can always use a prepaid credit card and give it to them for use with the service you're gifting.

SUBSCRIPTIONS?UNDER $5 A MONTH?

A personalized domain name
It?may sound silly for the No.?1 item on our list, but it's the cheapest subscription you can give, costing only $3.99 a year (that's 33 cents a month), and it's something everyone should have. They may not know it, but a personalized domain name can come in extremely handy, and will only get more important as time goes on. They can post their online CV or resume there, redirect it to their Twitter or Facebook page, and further control how the Internet sees you. The quicker you snatch it up before someone else with the same name, the better. We've linked to Namecheap below, since that's your favorite domain registrar, but check out our Hive Five for a few other options.

Crashplan+
If you have a friend who still isn't backing up their data, it's the perfect time to give them the gift of bulletproof backup thanks to Crashplan. Even if they're backing up to an external drive, that isn't good enough???they need something in the cloud so no matter what happens, their backups are always accessible and they don't become another sad story of lost data. Crashplan is our favorite option, being cheap and easy to set up, so get them in the habit now. If you're particularly cheap, RobotTaco notes that you can get a free subscription right now from this page.

LastPass and Xmarks Premium
I
f you know someone with multiple computers, the gift of synchronization can be a wonderful thing. Give them a combined subscription to LastPass and Xmarks for their passwords, bookmarks, history, open tabs, and everything else so they're able to browse easily from any computer.?

Xmarks is convenient, but LastPass is the most important app here, as it gives you the enhanced security everyone should have???make sure they create good passwords and turn on two-factor authentication, while you're at it, so they don't fall prey to the ever-increasing number of hacks happening nowadays.?

The pro versions give you access to the mobile apps for each service, more secure two-factor authentication with a thumb drive or YubiKey, plus an ad-free experience and priority support. You can buy each service separately, but buying them both together gets you a pretty sweet discount.

Pandora One
Everyone loves Pandora, but no one likes ads interrupting their music. Reader jrod3737recommended a subscription to Pandora One as a gift for just about anyone: it not only ditches the ads, but lets you use the Pandora desktop client, customize your experience with skins, and listen to higher quality audio all day long. You can either buy a month-to-month subscription or grab an entire year for a discounted price.

Evernote Premium
Evernote is still your favorite note-taking application, and it's only gotten better lately. If you know someone that isn't using Evernote yet???particularly if they need some extra organization in their life??a subscription to Evernote Premium is a great way to get them started. A premium subscription gets you more space per month, offline notebooks, collaborative notes, better speed, PDF search, priority support, an ad-free experience, and more. It's the perfect way to take someone's organization from good to awesome with one simple download.

SUBSCRIPTIONS UNDER $10 A MONTH

Amazon Prime
Amazon Prime's combination of two-day shipping and sizable library of streaming TV shows and movies makes a fantastic gift for?...?well, anyone who ever uses Amazon. And if they don't use Amazon, they will once they can buy anything with free two-day shipping. Of course, you could always share your two-day shipping benefits with them, but getting them their own subscription lets them stream movies too, which is always nice???especially if they have a home theater PC or streaming set-top box in their living room.

Netflix and Hulu Plus
For the true TV addict, grab them a subscription to Netflix and/or Hulu Plus so they can watch all their favorite movies and TV shows on demand. Netflix is great for movies and TV shows alike, while Hulu Plus is particularly good for watching current seasons of shows as they air. Both subscriptions let you stream to a set-top box, too, and are the perfect companions for ditching an expensive cable subscription. Grab one or both for your friends and help set them free from the shackles of cable TV.

Spotify Premium
If your friend has truly embraced streaming and switched to Spotify for their music-listening needs, they need a premium subscription.?

Not only will it get rid of the ads (which the cheaper "Unlimited" subscription will also do), but it gives them higher-quality audio and lets them listen on their iPhone or Android phone, truly completing the Spotify experience.

?It may not be ready to replace most people's libraries, but if you know someone whose fallen in love with it, you should help them go all-out with a Premium subscription.?

Alternatively, if you don't like Spotify, you can grab them a subscription to one of the other great music services out there, like Grooveshark or Rdio.

FOR THE BIG SPENDERS: SUBSCRIPTIONS $10 A MONTH AND UP

A VPN for privacy and international browsing
A VPN (virtual private network)?may seem like an ultra geeky gift, but it's something not everyone knows they need, and nobody wants to pay for. However, it can be useful for all sorts of people, but especially good for users looking for an extra bit of privacy (like bittorrent users) or, as reader JeshuaSanmentions, those living internationally (who?want to watch Hulu or listen to Spotify when it isn't available in their country). Every user is different, so hit the link below to see some of the VPNs we recommend.

  • Choose a VPN (Subscriptions range from $7.99/month to $38/month)

Extra Dropbox space
Dropbox is one of our all-time favorite Web services, and while you can grab a lot of space for free, sometimes you just need to pony up for a premium subscription. A subscription to expanded space can be great for students, video editors with large files, or people that just want to sync their large musicor photo libraries across computers. Alternatively, you can also grab someone one of the cheaper options, like Google Drive, Skydrive, or Box.

A special thanks goes out to everyone who provided suggestions last week! It made putting together these guides a lot easier, and a better fit for you.

More?from Lifehacker:

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/give-gift-premium-web-services-1C7209890

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Sunday, November 25, 2012

Video: Highs and lows of a second-term presidency

Iconic street foods every world traveler must try

While many travelers make it a priority to book a table at Michelin-starred restaurants around the world, some of the best food ? street food ? can be had for a fraction of the cost, in the most unlikely of places. From stainless steel push carts and dubious-looking night market stalls, to kiosks and the backs of bicycles, street food is ubiquitous around the world.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036697/vp/49903742#49903742

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Saturday, November 24, 2012

Obama buys books to promote independent shops

AAA??Nov. 24, 2012?2:26 PM ET
Obama buys books to promote independent shops
By MATTHEW DALYBy MATTHEW DALY, Associated Press?THE ASSOCIATED PRESS STATEMENT OF NEWS VALUES AND PRINCIPLES?

President Barack Obama, with daughters Sasha, far right, and Malia, center, goes shopping at a small bookstore, One More Page, in Arlington, Va., Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

President Barack Obama, with daughters Sasha, far right, and Malia, center, goes shopping at a small bookstore, One More Page, in Arlington, Va., Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

President Barack Obama, with daughters Sasha, left, and Malia, center, goes shopping at a small bookstore, One More Page, in Arlington, Va., Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

President Barack Obama, with daughter Malia, left, goes shopping at a small bookstore, One More Page, in Arlington, Va., Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

(AP) ? President Barack Obama made a quick trip to a Virginia bookstore for some Christmas shopping.

The president took his daughters, Sasha and Malia, to One More Page Books in Arlington, Va., on Saturday afternoon.

The White House says Obama was promoting an effort called "small business Saturday" to encourage shoppers to patronize mom-and-pop businesses after Thanksgiving.

At the store, Obama held up his BlackBerry, apparently looking up a book title as he spoke with shop owner Eileen McGervey. He said "preparation" was the key to his shopping.

Obama brushed off a reporter's question about the looming "fiscal cliff," saying "we're doing Christmas shopping."

The White House says Obama bought 15 children's books that will be given as Christmas gifts to family members.

Associated PressNews Topics: Business, Government and politics, Christmas, Holidays, Children's books, Holiday shopping, Occasions, Lifestyle, Children's entertainment, Entertainment, Arts and entertainment, Books and literature, Shopping

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-11-24-Obama/id-7738b183890242f497e13e9058f3b03f

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Team solves birth and migration mysteries of cortex's powerful inhibitors, 'chandelier' cells

Team solves birth and migration mysteries of cortex's powerful inhibitors, 'chandelier' cells

Friday, November 23, 2012

The cerebral cortex of the human brain has been called "the crowning achievement of evolution." Ironically, it is so complex that even our greatest minds and most sophisticated science are only now beginning to understand how it organizes itself in early development, and how its many cell types function together as circuits.

A major step toward this great goal in neuroscience has been taken by a team led by Professor Z. Josh Huang, Ph.D., at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). Today they publish research for the first time revealing the birth timing and embryonic origin of a critical class of inhibitory brain cells called chandelier cells, and tracing the specific paths they take during early development into the cerebral cortex of the mouse brain.

These temporal and spatial sequences are regarded by Huang as genetically programmed aspects of brain development, accounting for aspects of the brain that are likely identical in every member of a given species including humans. Exceptions to these stereotypical patterns include irregularities caused by gene mutations or protein malfunctions, both of which are now being identified in people with developmental disorders and neuropsychiatric illnesses.

Chandelier cells were first noticed only 40 years ago, and in the intervening years frustratingly little has been learned about them, beyond the fact that they "hang" individually among great crowds of excitatory cells in the cortex called pyramidal neurons, and that their relatively short branches make contact with these excitatory cells. Indeed, a single chandelier cell connects, or "synapses," with as many as 500 pyramidal neurons. Noting this, the great biologist Francis Crick decades ago speculated that chandelier cells exerted some kind of "veto" power over the messages being exchanged by the much more numerous excitatory cells in their vicinity.

Born in a previously undiscovered 'country'

After three years of painstaking work that has involved using new technologies to identify and trace neural cell progenitors in ways not previously possible, and to track them as they migrate to positions in the maturing cortex, Huang and colleagues, including Dr. Hiroki Taniguchi now at the Max Planck Florida Institute, have demonstrated that chandelier cells are born in a previously unrecognized portion of the embryonic brain, which they have named the VGZ (ventral germinal zone).

Huang, who has been on a decade-long quest to develop means of learning much more about the cortex's inhibitory cells (sometimes called "interneurons"), points out that while they are far less numerous than the excitatory pyramidal cells all around them, cells including chandelier cells that inhibit or modulate excitatory-cell messages play an indispensable role in balancing message flow and ultimately in determining the functional organization of excitatory neurons into meaningful groups.

This is all the more intriguing in the case of chandelier cells, Huang explains, because of their distinctive anatomy: one cell that can regulate the messages of 500 others in its vicinity is one that we need to know about if we want to understand how brain circuits work. Unlike other inhibitory cells, chandelier cells are known to connect with excitatory cells at one particular anatomical location, of great significance: a place called the axon initial segment (AIS) ? the spot where a "broadcasting" pyramidal cell generates its transmittable message. To be able to interdict 500 "broadcasters" at this point renders a single chandelier cell a very important player in message propagation and coordination within its locality.

Because of the strategic importance of such cells throughout the cortex, it has been a source of frustration to neuroscientists that they (and other inhibitory cells) have been difficult to classify. Huang has pursued a strategy of following them from their places of birth in the emerging cortex.

Many inhibitory cells come from a large incubator area called the MGE (medial ganglionic eminence); until now, it was not known that most chandelier cells are not born there, and indeed do not emerge until after the MGE has disappeared. Only at this point does the much smaller VGZ form, providing a place where neural precursor cells specifically give rise to chandelier cells.

The team learned that manufacture of a protein encoded by a gene called Nkx2.1 is among the signals marking the birth of a chandelier cell. The gene's action, they found, is also necessary to make the cells. Nkx2.1is a transcription factor, whose expression has previously been linked to the birth of other inhibitory neuronal types. Huang's team observes that it is the timing of Nkx2.1's expression in certain precursors -- following disappearance of the MGE and appearance of the VGZ -- that enabled them to track the birth, specifically, of chandelier cells.

Highly specific migration route and cortical destinations

"In addition to being surprised to discover that chandelier cells are born 'late'?after other inhibitory cells ? in a part of the cortex we didn't know about," says Huang, "our second surprise is that once born, these cells take a very stereotyped route into the cortex and assume very specific positions, in three cortical layers." (Layers 2, 5 and 6). "This leads us to postulate that other specific cortical cell types also have specific migration routes in development."

As Huang points out, his team's new discoveries about chandelier cells have implications for disease research, since it is known that the number and connective density of chandelier cells is diminished in schizophrenia. Associations of the same type have recently been made in epilepsy.

"To know the identity of a cell type in the cortex is in effect to know the intrinsic program that distinguishes it from other cell types. In the broadest terms, we are learning about those aspects of the brain development that make us human. 'Nurture,' or experience, also has a very important role in brain development. Our work helps clarify the 'nature' part of the nature/nurture mystery that has always fascinated us," Huang says.

###

"The spatial and temporal origin of chandelier cells in mouse cortex" appears online ahead of print November 22, 2012 in Science Express.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: http://www.cshl.org

Thanks to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/125442/Team_solves_birth_and_migration_mysteries_of_cortex_s_powerful_inhibitors___chandelier__cells

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